Banking Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Banking Comparison - Essay Example To start with, the establishment to be picked must have the option to ensure security of the stores made. Further, it ought to guarantee have the option to give both long haul and momentary speculation openings. In addition, with the expanding mechanical headway, it must have the option to give internet banking administrations at moderate rates. The decision taken must have the option to ensure ATM benefits inside the region of living arrangement and different areas too. Intrigue ought to likewise be put on the financial records and the expenses that are related with them. The establishment ought to likewise have the option to guarantee access to the administrations globally just as a protected store box. The expenses charged on target moves ought to likewise be a state of concern. At last, the area of the organization ought to be helpful and the premium earned on the investment funds program ought to be thoughtful. Surely, a money related organization that ensures all these will be the best. The approach that will be received in doing examination to discover the most proper budgetary organization to join will incorporate both essential and optional. Optional will include looking the online data accessible with respect to the organization including the site and different articles. Further, there will be essential methodology where an inside and out meeting will be done to guarantee that satisfactory direct data is assembled from the bank work force. This will be done through the meeting of the banks as an individual and doing an eye to eye meet with the institution’s staff on the administrations advertised. At last, the information gathered through both the essential and auxiliary methodology will be contrasted and the individual needs so as to concoct the absolute best alternative. In the wake of doing research on Bank of America, CITI, and Chase bank, plainly the banks offer practically comparative administrations of premium. To be sure, having visited the branches for top to bottom meetings, it nearly got hard to

Living on Death Row :: Criminal Justice Essays

Living on Death Row The motivation behind this paper is to look at life waiting for capital punishment. The data acquired so as to compose this paper originated from one article. In perusing the article it is extremely obvious to see the conspicuous uneven inclination of the writer, who is evidently resolvedly against the present status of death pushes over the United States of America. Lamentably, no examination could be found to show different perspectives or assessments of life waiting for capital punishment. The writer of this article utilized numerous sentiments, direct records and encounters of detainees living waiting for capital punishment to delineate his/her thoughts. In any case, there is an undeniable inclination of those as of now living waiting for capital punishment against their day to day environments and treatment. It very well may be accepted that couple of individuals would need to be some place or appreciate being some place when they realized that they would in the long run be exec uted. It is can likewise be accepted that not many individuals would discover anticipating executing a glad or satisfying experience. It is fascinating to take note of that while scanning the Internet for data on capital punishment a wealth of sites were discovered that had a place with detainees waiting for capital punishment. Every one of whom asserted that they were wrongly denounced, confined for, and blameless of the violations that they were sentenced for submitting.  It is the assessment of the writer that the principle reason and objective of death row is human stockpiling. (Article, p.48) By this the writer is recommending that censured detainees [are] treated basically as bodies kept alive to be murdered. (Article, p.48) The writer proceeds to utilize models given by prisoners waiting for capital punishment to represent the previously mentioned point. On such model remembered the supposed treatment of a self-destructive detainee for a death row in Texas. Evidently this detainee was put in a restraint †¦handcuffs†¦placed on his wrists†¦a crash helmet†¦. was set on his head and there he lay for a considerable length of time, vulnerable, alone and sedated. (Article, p. 49) Unfortunately there is no data offered regarding what else could have been accomplished for the detainee or what offices the jail needed to manage this sort of issue. This is additionally a narrative model given by somebody waiting for capital punishment themselves. It is very conceivable that this model may have been overstated or misshaped in the re-telling or even advised trying to get staff in a difficult situation or give just desserts to the staff for a 'wrong' done against the detainee.

2011 Freshman Wait-list Applicants - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

2011 Freshman Wait-list Applicants - UGA Undergraduate Admissions 2011 Freshman Wait-list Applicants Later today, we will be making decisions available to students. For those of you who have been wait-listed by UGA, here is a post for you and a chance to comment. Please remember that this is not a blog where you should post statistics, throw fellow classmates under the bus, etc. These types of comments will be deleted. As well, I will be away from a computer on Friday evening (at a wedding), so be patient as I may not be able to respond until the weekend. Every year, our office has to predict approximately how many students we can admit in order to enroll our freshman class, but we can never be sure how many students will enroll until after the May 1 deposit deadline has passed. If the number of students who say they will be attending UGA is lower than we expect, we may need to go to our wait-list group in order to get the size that we want for our freshman class. Every year, we have about 1,000 students on the wait-list, and we carefully monitor the deposits coming into the University to see where we are in comparison to the predicted freshman numbers. The Wait-List FAQ can answer some questions, but the most important thing you need to do is decide if you want to remain on the wait-list. Follow the instructions on the status check and/or the wait-list letter we mailed out, and let us know if you want to stay on the wait-list or if you want to decline this option and go forward with admission at another college. If you decide to stay on the wait-list, you still want to move forward with an alternate college plan, as we will not know about any wait-list options until May. If you select to stay on the wait-list, we then know you still want to attend UGA if an opportunity opens up. This year, there are three options for the wait-list reply; You can say no, please do not consider me for the wait-list. The next option is to remain on the wait-list, but only if it is for the Fall term. The third option is to remain on the wait-list and be considered for both Fall and Spring term. This is so that if there is space available for the Fall term, we will look at all of the students who have asked to remain on the wait-list, but the only space available is Spring term, we will then work with only the students who said Fall or Spring. We will not know details about the wait-list until May, so please be patient with our office, and read the FAQ before asking questions, as it can give you a great deal of information.

Exploring The Depth Of Romance And How Coppola s Dracula

Rationale: My feature article will be exploring the depth of romance and how and why Coppola decided to develop theses deep ideas of love. I will also be discussing Coppola’s decision to use very old film techniques. This is will allow the reader of the feature article to further understand why Coppola did the things that he did and therefore allow them to have a better understanding of the film. I will also be exploring the attitudes, values and beliefs that were held in the time period of the original novel and how Coppola developed and presented that to a modern 90’s audience. TRUE LOVE’S DARK BITE Francis Ford Coppola’s 1992 hit, Bram Stoker’s Dracula, reimagines the timeless Dracula tale and creates a twisted love story that allows contemporary audiences an insight into a surprisingly relatable fable, as Taylor Ellison explores†¦ Bram Stoker’s Dracula Love is not black and white and Francis Ford Coppola’s ageless classic Bram Stoker’s Dracula epitomises the many layers that come with romance. The dark love story highlights the romance of the gothic horror and still manages to convey the fear and terror that cemented the original novel as an iconic and memorable classic. Coppola’s imaginative view of a timeless tale embodies the gothic genre, with strong themes of romance, sexuality and lust, as the complexity of love is exposed. Coppola allows us an insight into his processes when creating this epic narrative. Why did you decide to establish a backstory for

The Common Security And Defense Policy Essay - 2182 Words

Many of the institutions within the European Union play a substantial role in formulating EU foreign policy. The Common Security and Defense Policy, often referred to as the CSDP, was created as a way for the EU member states to develop defense, military and crisis management policies. The CSDP, which began as a Franco-British initiative in 1998, was created as a major component of the Common Security Foreign Policy of the European Union. In the years since its inception, the CSDP has enabled the EU to gain power and become a world leader in the realm of international security. Much of the common security and defense policy’s success is due to the capabilities and resources that are provided by the EU member states and world partners such as NATO. As many of the European Union member states are members of both the CSDP and NATO, the two organizations work side by side in order to accomplish Western security goals. Britain had played a leading role in the EU common security a nd defense policy since it was created. Since the vote in June 2016 to decide whether the British exit from the EU would take place, many have wondered what ‘Brexit’ would mean for the EU and its institutions. This paper will examine and analyze the impact of Brexit on the EU Common Security and Defense Policy. In order to truly understand how the UK’s exit from the Union will impact the CSDP and EU foreign relations, as a result of a change in the political landscape of the EU, one must first examineShow MoreRelatedModern And Capable Armed Forces933 Words   |  4 Pagesresort among competing interests and values in the policy, including the subordination of the military to the highest political authorities. Armed Forces of a country should be designed to fulfil all tasks given to them from political authorities. 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EU objectives in the area of external security and defense were identified in Maastricht Treaty in 1992, some tangible crisis managementRead MoreBudge t As Policy And Strategy1683 Words   |  7 Pages October 22, 2015 By Mohammad Shafiq Budget as Policy and Strategy The tools of American statecraft defense, diplomacy, foreign and security assistance, homeland security, security cooperation and intelligence are rarely examined together, but Adams and Williams have explained the links and needs of these tools in one box. They fill this gap by examining how these tools work, how they are planned for, and how they are budgeted. Seeing policy through the lens of the budget is essential, and itRead MoreThe European Union ( Eu )1524 Words   |  7 Pagesmove freely; a common trade policy; a common agricultural policy; many aspects of social and environmental policy; and a common currency (the euro â‚ ¬) that is used by 19 member states. Since the mid-1990s, EU member states have also taken significant steps toward political integration, with decisions to develop a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and efforts to enhance cooperation in the area of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), which is aimed at forging common internal security measures. EuropeanRead MoreThe National Security Strategy Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesNational Security Strategy considers the enduring US national interests as â€Å"the security of the US, its citizens, and US allies and partners; a strong, innovative and growing US economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity; respect for universal values at home and around the world; an international order advanced by US leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges.† The Defense StrategicRead MoreEuropean Military Integration Of The United States1701 Words   |  7 Pagesyears, Europe has had its military policy tied to that of the United States through the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). During much of this period European and U.S. security interests were aligned against a common threat in the USSR. However, the era following the collapse of the Soviet Union has been mar ked by a European shift away from national sovereignty and towards a more integrated Europe. This can be most notably observed by the adoption of a common currency in the 18 member statesRead MorePrivate Goods vs. Public Goods1528 Words   |  6 PagesConversely, a private good is both rival and excludable. An individual owns their good, not everyone can own the same good (rival), and each individual can exclude others from using that good (excludable). Mixed goods are hybrids of public and private: Common Pool Resource goods display the rival elements but are non-excludable, while Club Goods contain the non-rival element but are excludable (EconPort.org. N.D. PP. 1). Congested toll roads- Private good, because some can be excluded from its use byRead MoreThe Differences Between State Security and Human Security Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesState security basically entails the tendency of a nation adhering to its own set of demands in regard to the issue of security policies (Baylis, J.2010, p.233).Traditional security also involves a host of other aspects that are defined by virtue of subordination. Describing the matter further reveals that state security is primarily the protection of available institutions, ethics or values within a nation, and above all human beings living inside its boundaries (Brauch, 2003, 204). State securityRead MoreThe Roles of The National Security Enterprise 1301 Words   |  5 PagesThe National Security Enterprise (NSE) is the overarching government apparatus responsible for national security decision making. This is generally thought of as the National Security Council (NSC) and the Department and Agencies they represent. However, Roger Z George and Harvey Rishikof point out in The National Security Enterprise: Navigating the Labyrinth that national security decision-making may rest with the President and the NSC but is significantly influenced by the Modern Media (includingRead MoreEssay751 Words   |  4 Pagesunity. The goal of this paper is to analyze how compliant France has been with integrating into the European Union’s idea of foreign and security policies. The European Union’s Foreign policy and security can best be described as one of collective security. The EU puts great emphasis on international security among its member nations and this sense of uniformed security is what drives smaller nations to join. However the main tool of their choice is diplomacy, not only does the EU attempt to negotiate

Dogs as Pets Free Essays

Dogs, simply put, are man’s best friend. These fantastic creatures are extremely loving and undeniably loyal. Both dogs and humans are happier if we are around each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Dogs as Pets or any similar topic only for you Order Now A great deal of dog owners make their dogs a significant part of their family. Having a dog in your life awards you with numerous benefits. Dogs provide their owners with companionship and relief from loneliness, mental health benefits, physical health benefits and exercise options, built in home security, pleasure in knowing you’re caring for a living creature, and complete unconditional love. Companionship is probably the number one reason people adopt a dog. You know when you come home everyday you will always have a happy soul there to greet you. Whether you need someone to accompany you on a ride in the car, if you’re craving a little cuddling in your bed or company on the couch watching television your dog will always be there for you. When you own a dog you are never alone. In fact, just walking from room to room in your home you’ll be followed. When human beings disappoint you and you feel as you have no one you can spend time with you can always count on your canine. The loyalty of dogs is amazing and they always want to be by your side. There are many other benefits to owning a dog but for sure your dog will become your side kick. Dog ownership can have a very concrete effect on your mental and emotional well being. Just the fact that with a dog you never feel alone is totally beneficial to your mental state. Being alone can often lead to depression, and owning a dog can cure or reduce those feelings. It is reported that dogs elevate serotonin and dopamine levels in the brain which control pleasure and calming feelings. With these feelings comes a happier existence and lower stress levels. Besides the mental health benefits, having a low stress life can lead to physical benefits as well. Dogs can also be profitable to your physical body. Many studies show that dog owners have lower levels of cholesterol. Other studies reveal people who own dogs have lower blood pressure levels than someone that does not own a dog. Possibly this could be do to dog’s stress reducing capabilities. Also, studies have shown that people who own dogs have lower levels of anxiety during stressful situations than pet free people. Another added plus to owning a dog is a reason to exercise. If you are a responsible owner walking your dog is a necessity. While exercising your dog you are also exercising yourself, which is obviously beneficial. For many years people have studied the physical influence dogs have over people. All studies conclude that dog ownership has solid and substantial impact on the human body. Besides biological benefits, home security is another factor dogs play a part in. A dog can hear things that we as humans cannot hear. Anyone who owns a dog knows that no one or nothing can get five feet from their house without their dog alerting them to that fact. If a potential burglar is considering your home for a break in and they hear a dog barking, they will most definitely not go through with it. While a professional alarm system is subject to electrical and programming failures, a dog’s innate sense to protect their territory will never fail. A dog’s need to defend their home and owners is an integral part of their being. Owning a dog can make you sleep good at night and you can always rely on this failure safe means of security. People need security for their homes, but also need security for their souls. It is possible that human beings have a distinct need to care for living beings. Especially people without children, a dog can be like a son or daughter to its owner. Providing for and taking care of something that completely depends on you can create great comfort. Owning a dog can give someone great purpose and meaning in their life. In payment for taking care of your dog, he will give you complete unconditional love. No matter what your circumstances are your dog will always love you to the bitter end. Their love for you is automatic and definite. From the moment you pick them up and decide they are to become yours, they love you. As our life goes on our needs constantly evolve and change. However, love is something we need from the moment we are born until the die we die. And dogs will provide you much love as though that is their purpose on this earth. Dogs award human beings with many things. You will always have a friend you can count on. While human friends may come and go, your canine buddy will stand by your side forever. With this constant companionship comes a new mental state. Dog ownership can help you overcome depression, anxiety and stressful situations. While your mind is being soothed, your physical body can be assisted as well. By committing to physical exercise with your canine companion, you are living a healthier lifestyle. With added benefits of lower cholesterol and lower blood pressure, owning a dog can make your quality of life much better. The fact that your home is more secure because your dog will be protecting it will give anyone peace. Great purpose can be felt knowing your dog is completely relying on you. Just the feeling of total love your dog bestows on you will make your world a happier place. A dog can make your life complete. One cannot completely understand this statement if they don’t own a dog. A dog can and will make your life fuller, happier, safer, meaningful, and full of love. No wonder they call them man’s best friend. How to cite Dogs as Pets, Essay examples

Self-Test Questions on Organization Structures and Designs Essay Example

Self-Test Questions on Organization Structures and Designs Essay Truest. Social network analysis identifies the informal structures and their embedded social relationships that are active in an organization. False. Identifying the informal structures and their embedded social relationships that are active in an organization defines social empowerment analysis. Truer. Three common types of traditional organizational structures are functional, divisional, and matrix. Truer. A potential disadvantage of functional structures concerns difficulties in pinpointing responsibilities for cost containment, product or service laity, timeliness, and innovation. Truer. Included among the potential advantages of divisional structures are more flexibility in responding to environmental changes and clear points of responsibility for product or service delivery. Truer AAA work process is a group of tasks related to one another that collectively creates something of value to a customer. Truer 1 . The potential disadvantages of team structures include conflicting loyalties among members regarding both team and functional assignments and the excessive time spent in meetings. Truer 2. The advantages of network structures include (a) staying cost competitive through reduced overhead and increased operating efficiency, and (b) operating with fewer full-time employees and less complex internal systems. Truer 3. A virtual organization is a special form of a boundaries organization. True. Decentralized authority, fewer rules and procedures, and personal means of coordination are characteristics of organic designs. Truer 5. Adaptive organizations operate with a minimum of bureaucratic structure and with cultures that encourage worker empowerment and participation. We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Test Questions on Organization Structures and Designs specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Test Questions on Organization Structures and Designs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Self-Test Questions on Organization Structures and Designs specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Falsely. Narrow spans of control create an organization that is more efficient and flexible, whereas wider spans Of control usually result in additional management overhead costs. Truer 7 -Authority is the right to act in ways to carry out the assigned tasks. Truer 8. Staff can grow to the point where it costs more in administrative overhead than the staff is worth. Multiple Choice AAA. We dont empower others because we fear losing B. Employees C. Trust D. Money E. None of the above . A. Control 820. Is the process of arranging people and other resources to together to accomplish a goal. A. Planning. B. Organizing C. Controlling. D. Leading. E. Straightening. AAA . Any organization structure should and . A. Allocate task assignments through a division Of labor provide for the coordination Of performance results. B. Allocate task assignments through a division of labor provide for the creation of a horizontal organization. C. Allocate organizational resources to important departments provide for the oversight of less important departments. D. Assign good leaders to the effective work teams assign poorer leaders to marginally effective work teams. E. Assign organizational objectives to divisions, departments, and work teams provide for the coordination of performance results. EYE. Which of the following pieces of information cannot be determined front an organization chart? A. Formal communication channels. B. Type of work performed. C. Division of work. D. Levels of management. E. Informal decision-making coalitions. 24. Jill, a recent MBA graduate in the field of accounting, is the finance manager of ION Company. Jill has a problem with a shadow organization in his division. One sensible first step in Sills management strategy might be A. Meeting with his employees to let them know he is the boss. B. Promising bonuses only to those employees who agree with him and work with him. C. Seeking to understand and work with the shadow organization. D. Firing the people who are members of the shadow organization. E. Assuming his staff is trying to undermine him and act accordingly. CA. When an organization chart shows vice presidents of marketing, manufacturing, finance, and human resources reporting directly to the president of a company, the top management group is organized as a structure. A. Horizontal. B. Vertical. C. Functional. D. Divisional. E. Matrix. DAD. Structures that group together jobs and activities that are serving the same customers or clients are called B. Process. C. Matrix. D. Customer. E. Geographical. Structures. A. Product. B 27. EX. Marketing creates teams of employees from varying departments within the organization when working on projects for their clients. This combination of members from different areas of work responsibility is an example of: A. Interdepartmental team. B. Cross-functional team. C. Self-managing team. D. Task team. E. Network team. E 28. Organizations are those in which teamwork and intense communication take the place of formal lines of authority. A. Divisional. B. Functional. C. Geographical. D. Matrix. E. Boundaries. C 29. Triple Z Inc. Is a new company that is contemplating the type of organizational design to use in its operations and is considering a design that is characterized by decentralization, wider spans of control, and few rules anal procedures. Triple Z is considering which type of design? : A. Mechanistic. B. Traditional. C. Organic. D. Bureaucratic. E. Transformational. C 30.

Element List - Atomic Number, Element Name and Symbol

Element List - Atomic Number, Element Name and Symbol Heres a list of chemical elements ordered by increasing atomic number. The names and element symbols are provided. Each element has a one or two letter symbol, which is an abbreviated form of its present or old name. The element number is its atomic number, which is the number of protons in each of its atoms. 1 - H - Hydrogen2 - He - Helium3 - Li - Lithium4 - Be - Beryllium5 - B - Boron6 - C - Carbon7 - N - Nitrogen8 - O - Oxygen9 - F - Fluorine10 - Ne - Neon11 - Na - Sodium12 - Mg - Magnesium13 - Al - Aluminum, Aluminium14 - Si - Silicon15 - P - Phosphorus16 - S - Sulfur17 - Cl - Chlorine18 - Ar - Argon19 - K - Potassium20 - Ca - Calcium21 - Sc - Scandium22 - Ti - Titanium23 - V - Vanadium24 - Cr - Chromium25 - Mn - Manganese26 - Fe - Iron27 - Co - Cobalt28 - Ni - Nickel29 - Cu - Copper30 - Zn - Zinc31 - Ga - Gallium32 - Ge - Germanium33 - As - Arsenic34 - Se - Selenium35 - Br - Bromine36 - Kr - Krypton37 - Rb - Rubidium38 - Sr - Strontium39 - Y - Yttrium40 - Zr - Zirconium41 - Nb - Niobium42 - Mo - Molybdenum43 - Tc - Technetium44 - Ru - Ruthenium45 - Rh - Rhodium46 - Pd - Palladium47 - Ag - Silver48 - Cd - Cadmium49 - In - Indium50 - Sn - Tin51 - Sb - Antimony52 - Te - Tellurium53 - I - Iodine54 - Xe - Xenon55 - Cs - Cesium56 - Ba - Barium57 - La - Lanthanum58 - Ce - Cerium59 - Pr - Pr aseodymium60 - Nd - Neodymium61 - Pm - Promethium62 - Sm - Samarium63 - Eu - Europium64 - Gd - Gadolinium65 - Tb - Terbium66 - Dy - Dysprosium67 - Ho - Holmium68 - Er - Erbium69 - Tm - Thulium70 - Yb - Ytterbium71 - Lu - Lutetium72 - Hf - Hafnium73 - Ta - Tantalum74 - W - Tungsten75 - Re - Rhenium76 - Os - Osmium77 - Ir - Iridium78 - Pt - Platinum79 - Au - Gold80 - Hg - Mercury81 - Tl - Thallium82 - Pb - Lead83 - Bi - Bismuth84 - Po - Polonium85 - At - Astatine86 - Rn - Radon87 - Fr - Francium88 - Ra - Radium89 - Ac - Actinium90 - Th - Thorium91 - Pa - Protactinium92 - U - Uranium93 - Np - Neptunium94 - Pu - Plutonium95 - Am - Americium96 - Cm - Curium97 - Bk - Berkelium98 - Cf - Californium99 - Es - Einsteinium100 - Fm - Fermium101 - Md - Mendelevium102 - No - Nobelium103 - Lr - Lawrencium104 - Rf - Rutherfordium105 - Db - Dubnium106 - Sg - Seaborgium107 - Bh - Bohrium108 - Hs - Hassium109 - Mt - Meitnerium110 - Ds - Darmstadtium111 - Rg - Roentgenium112 - Cn - Copernicium113 - Nh - Nihonium114 - Fl - Flerovium115 - Mc - Moscovium116 - Lv - Livermorium117 - Ts - Tennessine118 - Og - Oganesson Notes About Naming Most elements on the periodic table are metals and have the -ium suffix. Halogen names usually end with -ine. Noble gas names usually have the -on ending. Elements having names not following this naming convention tend to be ones known and discovered long ago. Future Element Names Right now, the periodic table is complete in that there are no remaining spots in the 7 periods. However, new elements may be synthesized or discovered. As with other elements, the atomic number will be determined by the number of protons within each atom. The element name and element symbol will need to be reviewed and approved by the IUPAC before inclusion on the periodic table. The element names and symbols may be proposed by the element discoverer, but often undergo revision before final approval. Before a name and symbol is approved, an element may be referred to by its atomic number (e.g., element 120) or by its systematic element name. The systematic element name is a temporary name that is based on the atomic number as a root and the -ium ending as a suffix. For example, element 120 has the temporary name unbinilium.

7 Solutions for Repetitive Sentence Structure

7 Solutions for Repetitive Sentence Structure 7 Solutions for Repetitive Sentence Structure 7 Solutions for Repetitive Sentence Structure By Mark Nichol It takes little time or effort to spruce up a sentence that includes repetitive-sounding phrases. Here are some examples of minor revisions that eliminate echoes of phrasing: 1. â€Å"Six models are available, from a one-bedroom bungalow for $81,000 to a three-bedroom, two-story city house for about $200,000.† Avoid the â€Å"this for that, this for that† structure of this sentence by varying the second for phrase: â€Å"Six models are available, from an $81,000 one-bedroom bungalow to a three-bedroom, two-story city house priced in the low $200,000s.† 2. â€Å"Locations range from Sonoma, Berkeley, and Crockett in the San Francisco Bay Area to Shelter Island in Washington State.† The â€Å"this in that† repetition here is resolved by flipping the city/state order of the second element by using the possessive form of the larger geographic element: â€Å"Locations range from Sonoma, Berkeley, and Crockett in the San Francisco Bay Area to Washington State’s Vashon Island.† This type of solution is often useful even when no repetition occurs; â€Å"Chicago’s downtown hub,† for example, flows more smoothly than â€Å"the downtown hub of Chicago.† (Also, note in the example above that the capitalization of state is correct; this is an anomalous usage when distinguishing between the state of Washington and Washington, DC.) 3. â€Å"Her designs include the Vitra company’s fire station in Weil am Rhein, Germany, the Mind Zone at the Millennium Dome in London, and a tram station and car park in Strasbourg, France.† Introducing variations in this reference to buildings in various locations reduces the number of prepositions from four to two: â€Å"Her designs include the Vitra company’s fire station, in Weil am Rhein, Germany; the Mind Zone, at London’s Millennium Dome; and a Strasbourg, France, tram station and car park.† Note that because formal writing calls for setting off restrictive phrases without a comma, â€Å"the Mind Zone at London’s Millennium Done,† for example, implies that other Mind Zones are to be found elsewhere the three elements of this sentence have been separated by semicolons. 4. â€Å"The story bridges the stylistic gap between the dreams of Tim Burton and the nightmares of David Lynch.† The fix in the second example, above, can be applied to names of people as well as those of places: â€Å"The story bridges the stylistic gap between the dreams of Tim Burton and David Lynch’s nightmares.† 5. â€Å"They range from venerable standards such as House Beautiful, with a circulation of 7.6 million, to the local up-and-comer, Dwell, with a circulation of about 250,000.† Substitution of â€Å"which has† for a weak with and elegant variation of one word strengthens this sentence: â€Å"They range from venerable standards such as House Beautiful, with a circulation of 7.6 million, to the local up-and-comer, Dwell, which has a readership of about 250,000.† Various revisions of the final phrase are possible. You could choose a more vivid verb and write â€Å"which boasts 250,000 readers,† for example, but be careful about weighted words such as boasts and claims. Also, in some sentences, the grammatical structure of â€Å"the 250,000-reader Dwell† is valid, but applying the template here produces awkward wording. 6. â€Å"In the white winters, you can sled or cross-country ski, or drive to the North Lake Tahoe ski resorts. In the hot, bright summers, there’s hiking through giant forests, climbing the towering Sierra Buttes, and swimming in the 130 nearby lakes. In the autumn, the deciduous trees glow with vivid fall colors, and in the spring, the masses of wildflowers create a psychedelic dreamscape.† The repetitive â€Å"in the (noun)† introductory phrases in this paragraph are mitigated by some variety in the respective following phrases, but further differentiation is easily accomplished: â€Å"In the white winters, you can sled or cross-country ski, or drive to the North Lake Tahoe ski resorts. During the hot, bright summers, there’s hiking through giant forests, climbing the towering Sierra Buttes, and swimming in the 130 nearby lakes. Come autumn, the deciduous trees glow with vivid fall colors, and when spring arrives, the masses of wildflowers create a psychedelic dreamscape.† 7. â€Å"She says that over the past month, she’s made over 350 calls on her cell phone.† Avoid using a word more than once in a sentence, especially if it has different meanings each time: â€Å"She says that over the past month, she’s made more than 350 calls on her cell phone.† (But generally, when you come across over used in the sense of â€Å"more than,† don’t automatically correct it unless your workplace’s style guide mandates it. If you believe that over, as an alternative to â€Å"more than,† is not valid, get over it: Many usage manuals and style guides accept either term to mean â€Å"in excess of.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Congratulations on or for?44 Resume Writing TipsParticular vs. Specific

Inferential Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inferential Statistics - Essay Example Patients with extremely low T-cell counts at imminent danger of dying will not be excluded but will be given special treatment as noted below in the discussion of ethical concerns. Study Design: Patients will be split into three groups: A placebo control group, a standard cocktail control group and a hivaril experimental group. For the hivaril group, in order to mask that a newer drug is being provided, the rest of the cocktail elements will be simulated by identical-looking placebos. Patients will be monitored for six months regularly to check T-cell performance and other vectors of improved health, as well as to see for toxicity. Statistical Model: Our intent is to see, at a very high confidence level with a moderate margin of error (+/- 3% would be acceptable), if hivaril is comparable to or superior to both the cocktail control group and the placebo control group. The hypothesis is directional, with the null hypothesis being that hivaril is worse than the cocktail and identical t o a placebo. The drug would still be a major improvement if it were better than the placebo but slightly worse than the cocktail. The alternative hypothesis is as noted. Because three groups are being measured, and must be to preserve a placebo control, ANOVA will be used. Luckily, the sample size is large enough that no other modification is needed.

Ethical, legal and professional considerations Coursework

Ethical, legal and professional considerations - Coursework Example software development is a set incremental and iterative method which is focused on the value of customers and interactions that turn it to a business reality following a particular plan. For a project which is meant to investigate methods of agile development, effects of using agile to improve IT and valuation of agile methods, there are a number of crucial considerations that can be focused on. They include legal considerations, professional considerations and ethical considerations. A systematic approach for dealing with any moral dimensions of any practice or activity is professionalizing. Software development is considered an emerging profession in engineering whereby a professional is expected to rely on common sense alongside time-honored experience other than relying application of scientific knowledge and principles and lack the essentials elements of a real professionalism. Any profession has a basic requirement for training and learning, a particular code of conduct that impose high standards, an effective disciplinary system meant for those people who breach the code, a basic emphasis on the social responsibility of a professional and finally licensing. Therefore, when a code of conduct is enforced in a profession or rather for given professionals, it has a significance impact on the professionals. To start with, it enables a professional to protect and serve the public by developing user friendly and less harmful software. Secondly, it enables a professional to inspire and provide guidance to other aspiring or junior professionals in the field. Moreover, enforcement of code of conduct enables professionals to arrive at or rather meet the set standards for a given profession; for this case Agile Software Development. Fourthly, it assists in giving moral support that is essential for validation of courageous decisions in line of duty. Finally, enforcing code of conduct in Agile Development educates and engenders mutual understanding among professionals

Modernist Dogma That Form Follows Function

Modernist Dogma That Form Follows Function The aim of this thesis is to discuss the modernist dogma ‘form follows function. A good architecture is meant to create a better functional design in course of lifestyle, amusement, work, study, and so on. Hence, all design decisions at the architectural level should be made within the context of the functional, ergonomic, and social requirements of the system being designed, which is a principle that equally to form follows function. The theory of form follows function could be implicated to evolution, economics, culture tradition, and aesthetic. They are closely linked with form, to produce different visual effect and results. From the past to the present, form follows function has been debate ceaselessly. Some argue that form follows function; like famous architect Louis Sullivan believed that form ever follows function, but some of people do not think so. Of course, issues are bound to have positives and negatives. So, when people say form follows function; some people would be say why not function follows form. The answer of the modernist philosophy of design was beyond all doubt to say ‘yes. In this design dictum seems like good sense but take a closer look at it and it might become problematic. Looking at present form of architecture, there is enough evidence that function follows form, for without an understanding of form. This presumes that it was accepted by public and actually we can escape from tradition principle, form follows function. In short, form and function is not in a happy marriage but in ecology, it does work. Ecology became hot issue in current design. The word ‘ecology is often misused that it is more on environmental studies, but strictly to say, there are still different. The easy way to explain that ecology is concerned with sustainability, environmental consciousness, green, natural, and organic approaches to evolve a design solution from these requirements and from the characteristics of the site. And taking about historic building blends with recycle materials. Use it to preserve old buildings character elements with waste materials which can be restoring the cultural meanings. Hence, the aim and objective of this dissertation is to create a debate form follows function or function follows form in order to evidence form follows function is workable than opposite theory in this aesthetic perception first society. Besides, the objective is to assess future direction and the movement toward an ecological approach to building nowadays. The study will undertake of 3 parts of research which is the primary, secondary and thirdly data sources. These 3 researches for this dissertation have a great help. Primarily sources would be observed how the tradition dogma can be circulated for so long in this appearance oriented society and what are the main reasons that it was implicated? To identifies the themes through evolution, economics, and culture tradition. Moreover, the thesis will look at use of recycle materials to retrofit historic buildings in order to enhance sustainable. Secondary, the research would be done by respondents through survey questions. The aim of this survey is to know perception and acceptance of Malaysians towards ecological architectures. The targeted community is different ages and occupations of Malaysians. Thirdly sources and illustrations would be completed from research based from books, internet and newspapers in order to obtain a more impersonal answer and solution. Chapter 2 Functions: do they precede forms? ‘Form follows function or ‘function follows form just as chicken and egg. Which come first? This is depended on how we can compare between two of it. Just like design principle, form follows function can be confirmed from hundreds of years of experience with successful building projects. The design principle is continued to use until nowadays, it certainly has its rationale. Form has to be combined with the function, which is not optionally to decide on it. In tradition principle, the function of the building purpose for why people use the building drives the form.  But at the same time its the formal conditions of environment, climate, building materials and other forces that begin to propose how the purpose reflects its users. Other point of view is the vision, which includes many factors; for instance, the multiple functions, the stakeholders, the target users and is inherently long term. Besides, function leads the designer to narrow down the options and provide a beginning point; to help them more easily to complete their project. If the form does not bind with the function then the function might end up being not usable. Function needs form in order to archive its aim; the form needs function too. Form without function is just a pretty piece of plain paper, no meaning. This is most direct way to prove that it is workable. Whoever designed the buildings undoubtedly has a mind to satisfy your functional needs. Further, the designer probably intended the overall form of the buildings to fit their purpose and prearrange that purpose aesthetically. That imply that function is something that precedes the form that it exists independently of form that it is there before form takes shape. View of evolution Turn back to the question about first chicken or egg. To philosophers, the question about the first chicken or egg also brings out the questions of how life and the universe in general began. If we ignore all these, just focus on the view of evolutionism, we found every form has a purpose to evolve, form follows function and evolution is actually work hands in hands. In the universal view of evolution by natural selection, in which new variations in the environment and time, function always follows form. Just like Louis Sullivan, an America architect who keen on basic principle ‘form follows function. In 1896, in Sullivans article ‘The tall office building artistically considered, he states that: ‘It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law. From his works we could know his thinking was deeply influenced by Darwin. In Darwins theory of evolution in natural selection, every form in a plant or animal has a purpose in that species survival in order to conservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Therefore, all the faultily species would be eliminated gradually over time. Here Sullivan (1896) quotes that: ‘In nature, all shapes express the inner life, the native quality, of the animal, tree bird, fish, that they present to us; they are so characteristic, so recognizable, that we say, simply, it is ‘natural it should be so. So that, form follows function is pre-determinates, everyone can not arbitrarily to change it. If the dogma breaking, the world would be standstill, can not evolve into what we are seeing now. For instance with evolution, form does not follow function. Rabbits do not develop their ears to become longer in order to avoid the enemy in the wild. Moreover, the form of a building must be a consequence of its purpose. If no form follows function, the roof of the house would not be gable type in order to avoid accumulation of water when it was raining. This statement showed Darwins theory leading us with evolution; it is also the case that form follows function. Beauty controlled by cost The evolution of time creates different kind of decorative styles facade shop houses (see fig. 1), which were emerged from Neoclassical to Bauhaus in Malaysia. In the late 1910 the two dictum of form follows function and ornament is a crime were widely used by the Bauhauss designers. They disseminated rationality, functionality, simplified forms, and mass-production. In short, form is dominated by cost. Just as the facade of Malaysias shop houses are increasingly simplistic because of cost impact. Fig.1: An evolution of shop house from 18th to 19th century. There is not difficult to find the shop houses styles would be make changed by the time, unnecessary decoration was avoid because of cost-effective. The decoration of facade is based on the period of the time. The decoration styles which typified the facades of Malaysian shop house constructed up to 1920s. As the same time the construction of shop houses reached its apex during the rubber boom until World War 2 occurred. After that the global economy started to downturn until the war ends. Hence, the form of shop house started to evolve to simple lines at that time. It was by the reason of impact of cost. Furthermore, the previous shop houses are nothing much function at all except aesthetic, does not accord with design principle. So, unnecessary decorations were weeded out by time. Geometrical shapes and simplified lines were replaced the previous period style. In the 1960s and 1970s, shop houses again became the common building, its form was to continue along similar lines, simple and austere. Nothing is superfluous. In the 1980s, there were insufficient spaces to provide to urban Malaysians because of the impact booming car parks. Most of the shop houses were replaced by high rise buildings in order to complete the surrounded road and parking area. The form has to follow the function therefore unnecessary decorations have been omitted. And this is what we are seen now. Admittedly, a majority of forms were controlled by cost especially in Malaysia. According to the result of survey, about 50 per cent of the people will be premised on the price of design. Besides, result of the survey shows that there are about 77 per cent of people is unwilling to pay more money to their house design because they generally believe that good design can also have low-cost. That is proved that it is line with Bauhauss purpose. View of culture Architectural culture is very important to us. Just like the ancestors put different value on forms. And this value will heavily depend on cultural perspective and conventions. That means culture that reflects peoples life and their use of objects need to be comprised in the form. And the form of a building must show the culture or story of its life. If not, our culture will be bogged down or disappear. Generations do not know what ancestors left it to them and what the meaning behind. This can be demonstrated by the example of traditional house in Sabah. There is a very good example to express Malaysias culture. The traditional houses of Sabah reflect not only the beauty of traditional architecture, but also incorporates various cultural aspects of the ethnic groups of Sabah that can be appreciated by all generations as well as visitors to the state. Moreover, the houses show the diverse ways in which people have adapted to their environment, lifestyle, ritual, and beliefs. Natives of Sabah only can adapt to the environment in order to survive in this place. They grab whatever their needs from surrounding area at the place that they are living. In the other words, their residences will follow their lifestyle to make a change accordingly. That is what has mentioned before, form follows function. The houses were built by the various ethnic groups themselves to ensure quality and authenticity of each of these houses. They also reflect the skills of the local people in the past in utilizing existing building materials from their environment. The site of a houses organization may be influenced by the sun and the river a fresh supply of water. Longhouse represents indigenous people of Sabah ar unity and harmony. There are various types long houses in Sabah. The Rungus Longhouse (see fig. 2) is one of them. The houses are not located on very high stilts to support; they are usually only having around three to five feet above the ground. The roof is low, and in forepart on the house acts like a sunshade, keeping the house cool even during the hottest part of the day time. The existed doors of longhouses have 75. Now they rarely more than 10 doors, along the public corridor that has an elevated platform of split bamboo. The house is framed by outer slanting walls of wide-spaced shores. This provides fresh air circulation and a comfortable sitting area for work, relaxation and socializing. The materials of construct were taken from surrounding area where they could get to. For instance, their methods of construction are interlocking and lash with strips of rattan or woods because of hard to get a screw in their surrounding are a. Fig. 2: Rungus longhouses combined with the structure of climate, environment, materials, and technology. So, the forms of the house is follows their lifestyle and environment. Indigenous people of Sabah are used to live as a group. Each increase in the longhouses are emphasizes its space organization reveals the close relationship between a family and the longhouse community. A longhouse is designed to private spaces for each family as well as open space for the whole community. The Rungus longhouses consist of several family apartments at the rear of t house and a communal veranda at the front. Each sulap contains an earthen fireplace (rapuan) and a sleeping area for a couple and their unmarried daughters; boys and guests sleep at veranda (saloh). Furthermore, dance platform (lansaran) is built in a central area on the saloh. It is used for festival and in which the whole community participates in singing and dancing. That means the space planning of the house is follows our lifestyle and habit. In the other words, according the survey find out a large proportion of people care about ergonomics. Namely Form follows function is absolutely necessarily in design. Fig. 3: The Rungus house open plan concept. On the other words, there are reflected how Sabahs indigenous people are versatile. The house was tie in a traditional life-style with the advancement of ‘modern ideas, and keep down ancient skills, in this period of rapid development. Longhouse might exist because they will make changes by the environment to develop. In other words, their houses were built along with their requirements. Chapter 3 Why not function follows form? The opposites view is that it is merely a functionalist approach. And we alleged dogma- form follows function might lack aesthetic appeal. The aspect of art always provides more than one option. Form follows function tended to kill the contribution of art in designs. Even they counted fundamental principle in design is disturbing! If does not following the principle of ‘form follows function then a tall building should locate in everywhere and all has the same, there is no role except aesthetic. That means a high rise building in Beijing should look like other one in Taiwan, differently from the form only. Just as three famous modern architects of 20th century- Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright, whom are stand to the principle. They all had their own particularly styles to use in different building materials to interpret function. Mies used steel and glass, Corbu used concrete, and Frank emphasized wood or concrete block. If ignores issues of culture, climate, technology, building material, all these about the function, and just as important on the style and preferences of the architect. All famous buildings should in a jumbled situation or one day you might live in an aesthetically house which made by paper. That signification that functions is driving the form. Of course, architecture has always looked for the way to transcend its own history. Contemporary architecture its not the exception but it has lost one of its basic principles for good as National Stadium, Beijing, which while innovative in concept, is famously poor for its function. In the other words, the innovative concept that designer express to cover up functionality of the stadium should have. Beijing National Stadium as known as the Birds Nest, which was designed by Swiss architecture firm Herzog HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_MeuronHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_Meuron de Meuron . The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The concept of the stadium is based on three notions which are technology, energy conservation, and cultural conversation. It all looks perfectly in line with the concept of nowadays building design but it lost its original aims when the designer has decided to priority of sculptural form giving over the stadium needs of function. Birds Nest design emphasis novelty and technology, so they are used a lot of new technology and materials. Hence, they used Q460 steel to construct the stadium. It seems a great design but it is fail. From the figure 4, we find the sporting of glory on the stadium. It has an amazing night view. Surprisingly, the first figure and the second is a mightily contrast. During the day time, the audiences can not watch the match because there is shadow on all sites! Fig. 4: The night view of Beijing National Stadium, China. Fig. 5: The audiences can not focus on the show because the shadow of the stadium is being in a disordered condition during the day time. Therefore, they installed double translucent membrane at the top of the structure to solve the problem. The membranes got 30 percent of light permission only. As the same time, it is showed the interior of stadium would be not enough light despite they are used solar power generation system. In the case of energy conservation, the designer did not much to think over the climate of Beijing. There are four seasons but the solar power generation system is not work at the season or time that without sunlight, they still need to use electricity to maintain the brightness of the stadium. It does not carry energy conservation and environment friendly points. According to the Chinas Xin Hua News Agency reported, the person in charge of the stadium indicated that the complex structure of the stadium caused maintenance cost up to 6,000 million dollars (RMB) per year. It is difficult to obtain a profit after Olympic ceremony. And this important project for the Olympics had been invested seven billion dollars, just because of alleged new technology. That is not in line with cost effective. On the other hand, the designer had not considered in the design of the stadium clearly in the construction stage, suddenly proposed the Birds Nest roof problems. According to the assistant of Mayor said that the Birds Nest is a steel structure, it is extremely difficult to construct. The original design has a roof but the load of the roof close to the limit. It is very dangerous for safety issues. So, the expert advised to cancel the original roof. In the new design, the roof of the stadium was covering also but can not completely cover up whole stadium. That means it would be leaking. In addition, the stadiums design did not show the Chinese spirit. This is a good opportunity for Chinese, to let foreigners to understand their country culture. But they did not; it is a very regrettable thing. All these problems mentioned before, it is sufficient evidence to proves the designer do not consider functionality, he just keen on his novelty and newness he wanted to neglect the important of the functional. So, if function follows form might occur when functionality is ignored. This also prove that function always precede form. Chapter 4 4.0 Forms in the future look like People are beginning to realize importance of environmental protection, starting to follow the footstep of green. So, the global future will be green architectures trend. An ecological lifestyle involves conscious rising about the relationship between consumption today and the conditions for future generation. Ecological development requires a balance between mankinds conception, the environment and the available recourses. Urban ecologist and author of Surviving the Century Facing Climate Chaos and other Global Challenges, Herbert Girardet quotes that: Green buildings are making giant strides now because of public debate and new technology. Everyone may want to live a modern lifestyle but we know we cannot continue wrecking the planet. We need to build houses that dont need an outside energy supply. Hence, ecology thinking must be natural reflex for the architect of the future. And this was a response to the changing climate which demanded new buildings of increasing cut energy consumption and solid waste problems. The architect works on the basis of a new order where the building as a whole meets the requirements and challenges of an ecological future measures and ‘novelty materials in an aesthetic and social program. And that is what thesis had mentioned before- form follows function. In despite of future or the past, we all can not escape from the rule. 4.1 Form follows green Green design, as know as ecological design, uses design to include economic, social and ecological sustainability. Besides green building is also environment conscious design solutions where a sustainable form and function. Basically, green buildings concept is based on functional also. Mostly people concentrated on construct and appearance of the green building, neglecting material is also an important part in a building. It reminds people about recycling to save the environment. Green design is sustainable design as it is sustained by materials that can be recycled. The concept of sustainable building unifies multifarious of strategies during the process of building projects. The use of green building materials and products are very widely, which represents an important part in strategy at the design of a building. On the contrary, aesthetic has become the secondary. It is designed for reduce the solid waste problems, cut energy consumption in manufacturing, impact of the built environment on human health and save on natural resource use. 4.2 Historic building blends with recycle materials Most of the historic or old buildings emphasize exuberant and extravagant decoration especially European architecture which emerged from Neoclassical. Decorative style design more tends to decoration and aesthetic, neglect a building need and caused wasted spaces. But old building does not mean it is unprofitable. By reason of older building can be refurbish and renovate so that they can continue to function as urban elements to achieve the goals of green building. Besides making good use of old building can make environment sense, using and enhancing what already have. Green building is not just saving energy or else. It is also using product made from recycle material when renovating or constructing a new building. Just as Malaysia has a lot of heritage buildings also, but heritage buildings conservation is not entirely commercially viable! It requires on the contrary a skillfully management and maintenance fee. So, why not get them into green elements while retaining their historic character? Green renovations included reduce energy consumption and durability of older and heritage buildings. Respectful renovation in order to reduce the operating energy of a building, making building renovation one of the most direct climate actions to express environment protection. This chapter will look at strategies for renovation while remaining their culture and heritage character in order to archive forms and function to be one. Renovation is a brilliant thing especially the architect for the renovation of an old building is taken into all the important views that are peculiarly for the renovation of an old building. Nevertheless there is something different. Just as historic city, George Town being listed as Cultural WorldHYPERLINK http://whc.unesco.org/ Heritage Sites as know as UNESCO. Of course, most of buildings in George Town have to renovation, just as High Court Pulau Pinang (see Fig.6 7). Although the governments are trying to remained all the forms as similitude as possible, it still have different. By the reason of all the renovate materials are new. They are lack of the use of recycle materials to retrofits. Most of the people like to use something new but they forget the old things even more value than new. These valuable materials are not easily copied by the new materials. Especially some of materials or decoration has no longer reproduction, and recycle material can be any help. Fig. 6: High Court before renovation in George Town, Fig. 7: High Court after renovation in George Town. Besides that, the one more important thing that we have to admit is restoration an old building with recycle materials for all of us are still pretty new and it is not accepted by the most. People still full of worries about it. According to the survey, a significant number of people can accept renovation but they generally felt that the maintenance costs of old buildings will be very expensive. As a matter of fact, they are lack of knowledge and understanding of recycle and renovate. Although some of the green materials cost higher than old building, there are still many more green materials cost still less than the standard. These green materials have better designs for a new generation of environmentally friendly products that are cost saving to produce. Many more of innovations today are coming from green manufacturers. Furthermore, recycle building materials lies in diminishing the need for industry to make a new product. All of the energy that is spent in manufacturing and tran sporting something can be saved. The main reason to use recycle building materials are some of the old building materials still preserved their character elements, these can be restore the cultural meanings. It can be preserve their identity while enhance functionality. On the other hand, materials usage is marry up with structure of the building. And it is have a great relationship with ergonomics. That means materials are one of the function as well! It is what the thesis mention before that forms and functions can be one. Chapter 5 5.0 Conclusion Whatever, we cant escape from tradition. To achieve the best of both worlds are very difficult. The debate about form and function is a vexed question. Some debate that form follows function, others, like architect Frank Lloyd Wright believed that form and function are one. However, in contemporary society there is sufficient evidence that function follows form, for without an understanding of form. Even so, there are some cases when form and function are one in order to get a balance. That is what we are inclined to – green architectures. According to the result of survey, a proportion of people care about environment friendly but a significant number of peoples houses are not ecological sustainable house. Even so they are paid the fee for the home design, they would not design home as sustainable house. Not because of excluded, just because they are generally thought that cost of the house design they cant afford and worry about the maintenance of the house. From other point of view, more than half the numbers of people are dissatisfied towards their house designs. That means Malaysias architectures do not meet peoples expectation in its design criterion. It just only designs! All the things consider that ecological design is accepted by Malaysian but they do not know much in it. By the reason of around 54% of the people prefer practicality rather than appearance. That imply form follows function is workable but it is a pity to say that sometimes forms were controlled by cost, natural selection, and culture. Closer look at the notion of function and the dogma form follows function, expressed why this impression proved to be so important. By the reason of the functionalist notion of function serves as guide to design the form. It guides the designer to narrow down the options and provide a starting point. The form now has a purpose or duty, if you will, of projecting the function that lies within. Just as a project has a problem to be solved rather than just making it look pretty is the great challenge. Function needs form in order to get a balance, it work as hand in hand. So, if an object has to present a perfect function, its design must be support that function. And continue to repeat again and again ‘Form follows function. ‘Form follows function. Modernist Dogma That Form Follows Function Modernist Dogma That Form Follows Function The aim of this thesis is to discuss the modernist dogma ‘form follows function. A good architecture is meant to create a better functional design in course of lifestyle, amusement, work, study, and so on. Hence, all design decisions at the architectural level should be made within the context of the functional, ergonomic, and social requirements of the system being designed, which is a principle that equally to form follows function. The theory of form follows function could be implicated to evolution, economics, culture tradition, and aesthetic. They are closely linked with form, to produce different visual effect and results. From the past to the present, form follows function has been debate ceaselessly. Some argue that form follows function; like famous architect Louis Sullivan believed that form ever follows function, but some of people do not think so. Of course, issues are bound to have positives and negatives. So, when people say form follows function; some people would be say why not function follows form. The answer of the modernist philosophy of design was beyond all doubt to say ‘yes. In this design dictum seems like good sense but take a closer look at it and it might become problematic. Looking at present form of architecture, there is enough evidence that function follows form, for without an understanding of form. This presumes that it was accepted by public and actually we can escape from tradition principle, form follows function. In short, form and function is not in a happy marriage but in ecology, it does work. Ecology became hot issue in current design. The word ‘ecology is often misused that it is more on environmental studies, but strictly to say, there are still different. The easy way to explain that ecology is concerned with sustainability, environmental consciousness, green, natural, and organic approaches to evolve a design solution from these requirements and from the characteristics of the site. And taking about historic building blends with recycle materials. Use it to preserve old buildings character elements with waste materials which can be restoring the cultural meanings. Hence, the aim and objective of this dissertation is to create a debate form follows function or function follows form in order to evidence form follows function is workable than opposite theory in this aesthetic perception first society. Besides, the objective is to assess future direction and the movement toward an ecological approach to building nowadays. The study will undertake of 3 parts of research which is the primary, secondary and thirdly data sources. These 3 researches for this dissertation have a great help. Primarily sources would be observed how the tradition dogma can be circulated for so long in this appearance oriented society and what are the main reasons that it was implicated? To identifies the themes through evolution, economics, and culture tradition. Moreover, the thesis will look at use of recycle materials to retrofit historic buildings in order to enhance sustainable. Secondary, the research would be done by respondents through survey questions. The aim of this survey is to know perception and acceptance of Malaysians towards ecological architectures. The targeted community is different ages and occupations of Malaysians. Thirdly sources and illustrations would be completed from research based from books, internet and newspapers in order to obtain a more impersonal answer and solution. Chapter 2 Functions: do they precede forms? ‘Form follows function or ‘function follows form just as chicken and egg. Which come first? This is depended on how we can compare between two of it. Just like design principle, form follows function can be confirmed from hundreds of years of experience with successful building projects. The design principle is continued to use until nowadays, it certainly has its rationale. Form has to be combined with the function, which is not optionally to decide on it. In tradition principle, the function of the building purpose for why people use the building drives the form.  But at the same time its the formal conditions of environment, climate, building materials and other forces that begin to propose how the purpose reflects its users. Other point of view is the vision, which includes many factors; for instance, the multiple functions, the stakeholders, the target users and is inherently long term. Besides, function leads the designer to narrow down the options and provide a beginning point; to help them more easily to complete their project. If the form does not bind with the function then the function might end up being not usable. Function needs form in order to archive its aim; the form needs function too. Form without function is just a pretty piece of plain paper, no meaning. This is most direct way to prove that it is workable. Whoever designed the buildings undoubtedly has a mind to satisfy your functional needs. Further, the designer probably intended the overall form of the buildings to fit their purpose and prearrange that purpose aesthetically. That imply that function is something that precedes the form that it exists independently of form that it is there before form takes shape. View of evolution Turn back to the question about first chicken or egg. To philosophers, the question about the first chicken or egg also brings out the questions of how life and the universe in general began. If we ignore all these, just focus on the view of evolutionism, we found every form has a purpose to evolve, form follows function and evolution is actually work hands in hands. In the universal view of evolution by natural selection, in which new variations in the environment and time, function always follows form. Just like Louis Sullivan, an America architect who keen on basic principle ‘form follows function. In 1896, in Sullivans article ‘The tall office building artistically considered, he states that: ‘It is the pervading law of all things organic and inorganic, of all things physical and metaphysical, of all things human and all things superhuman, of all true manifestations of the head, of the heart, of the soul, that the life is recognizable in its expression, that form ever follows function. This is the law. From his works we could know his thinking was deeply influenced by Darwin. In Darwins theory of evolution in natural selection, every form in a plant or animal has a purpose in that species survival in order to conservation of a functional advantage that enables a species to compete better in the wild. Therefore, all the faultily species would be eliminated gradually over time. Here Sullivan (1896) quotes that: ‘In nature, all shapes express the inner life, the native quality, of the animal, tree bird, fish, that they present to us; they are so characteristic, so recognizable, that we say, simply, it is ‘natural it should be so. So that, form follows function is pre-determinates, everyone can not arbitrarily to change it. If the dogma breaking, the world would be standstill, can not evolve into what we are seeing now. For instance with evolution, form does not follow function. Rabbits do not develop their ears to become longer in order to avoid the enemy in the wild. Moreover, the form of a building must be a consequence of its purpose. If no form follows function, the roof of the house would not be gable type in order to avoid accumulation of water when it was raining. This statement showed Darwins theory leading us with evolution; it is also the case that form follows function. Beauty controlled by cost The evolution of time creates different kind of decorative styles facade shop houses (see fig. 1), which were emerged from Neoclassical to Bauhaus in Malaysia. In the late 1910 the two dictum of form follows function and ornament is a crime were widely used by the Bauhauss designers. They disseminated rationality, functionality, simplified forms, and mass-production. In short, form is dominated by cost. Just as the facade of Malaysias shop houses are increasingly simplistic because of cost impact. Fig.1: An evolution of shop house from 18th to 19th century. There is not difficult to find the shop houses styles would be make changed by the time, unnecessary decoration was avoid because of cost-effective. The decoration of facade is based on the period of the time. The decoration styles which typified the facades of Malaysian shop house constructed up to 1920s. As the same time the construction of shop houses reached its apex during the rubber boom until World War 2 occurred. After that the global economy started to downturn until the war ends. Hence, the form of shop house started to evolve to simple lines at that time. It was by the reason of impact of cost. Furthermore, the previous shop houses are nothing much function at all except aesthetic, does not accord with design principle. So, unnecessary decorations were weeded out by time. Geometrical shapes and simplified lines were replaced the previous period style. In the 1960s and 1970s, shop houses again became the common building, its form was to continue along similar lines, simple and austere. Nothing is superfluous. In the 1980s, there were insufficient spaces to provide to urban Malaysians because of the impact booming car parks. Most of the shop houses were replaced by high rise buildings in order to complete the surrounded road and parking area. The form has to follow the function therefore unnecessary decorations have been omitted. And this is what we are seen now. Admittedly, a majority of forms were controlled by cost especially in Malaysia. According to the result of survey, about 50 per cent of the people will be premised on the price of design. Besides, result of the survey shows that there are about 77 per cent of people is unwilling to pay more money to their house design because they generally believe that good design can also have low-cost. That is proved that it is line with Bauhauss purpose. View of culture Architectural culture is very important to us. Just like the ancestors put different value on forms. And this value will heavily depend on cultural perspective and conventions. That means culture that reflects peoples life and their use of objects need to be comprised in the form. And the form of a building must show the culture or story of its life. If not, our culture will be bogged down or disappear. Generations do not know what ancestors left it to them and what the meaning behind. This can be demonstrated by the example of traditional house in Sabah. There is a very good example to express Malaysias culture. The traditional houses of Sabah reflect not only the beauty of traditional architecture, but also incorporates various cultural aspects of the ethnic groups of Sabah that can be appreciated by all generations as well as visitors to the state. Moreover, the houses show the diverse ways in which people have adapted to their environment, lifestyle, ritual, and beliefs. Natives of Sabah only can adapt to the environment in order to survive in this place. They grab whatever their needs from surrounding area at the place that they are living. In the other words, their residences will follow their lifestyle to make a change accordingly. That is what has mentioned before, form follows function. The houses were built by the various ethnic groups themselves to ensure quality and authenticity of each of these houses. They also reflect the skills of the local people in the past in utilizing existing building materials from their environment. The site of a houses organization may be influenced by the sun and the river a fresh supply of water. Longhouse represents indigenous people of Sabah ar unity and harmony. There are various types long houses in Sabah. The Rungus Longhouse (see fig. 2) is one of them. The houses are not located on very high stilts to support; they are usually only having around three to five feet above the ground. The roof is low, and in forepart on the house acts like a sunshade, keeping the house cool even during the hottest part of the day time. The existed doors of longhouses have 75. Now they rarely more than 10 doors, along the public corridor that has an elevated platform of split bamboo. The house is framed by outer slanting walls of wide-spaced shores. This provides fresh air circulation and a comfortable sitting area for work, relaxation and socializing. The materials of construct were taken from surrounding area where they could get to. For instance, their methods of construction are interlocking and lash with strips of rattan or woods because of hard to get a screw in their surrounding are a. Fig. 2: Rungus longhouses combined with the structure of climate, environment, materials, and technology. So, the forms of the house is follows their lifestyle and environment. Indigenous people of Sabah are used to live as a group. Each increase in the longhouses are emphasizes its space organization reveals the close relationship between a family and the longhouse community. A longhouse is designed to private spaces for each family as well as open space for the whole community. The Rungus longhouses consist of several family apartments at the rear of t house and a communal veranda at the front. Each sulap contains an earthen fireplace (rapuan) and a sleeping area for a couple and their unmarried daughters; boys and guests sleep at veranda (saloh). Furthermore, dance platform (lansaran) is built in a central area on the saloh. It is used for festival and in which the whole community participates in singing and dancing. That means the space planning of the house is follows our lifestyle and habit. In the other words, according the survey find out a large proportion of people care about ergonomics. Namely Form follows function is absolutely necessarily in design. Fig. 3: The Rungus house open plan concept. On the other words, there are reflected how Sabahs indigenous people are versatile. The house was tie in a traditional life-style with the advancement of ‘modern ideas, and keep down ancient skills, in this period of rapid development. Longhouse might exist because they will make changes by the environment to develop. In other words, their houses were built along with their requirements. Chapter 3 Why not function follows form? The opposites view is that it is merely a functionalist approach. And we alleged dogma- form follows function might lack aesthetic appeal. The aspect of art always provides more than one option. Form follows function tended to kill the contribution of art in designs. Even they counted fundamental principle in design is disturbing! If does not following the principle of ‘form follows function then a tall building should locate in everywhere and all has the same, there is no role except aesthetic. That means a high rise building in Beijing should look like other one in Taiwan, differently from the form only. Just as three famous modern architects of 20th century- Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright, whom are stand to the principle. They all had their own particularly styles to use in different building materials to interpret function. Mies used steel and glass, Corbu used concrete, and Frank emphasized wood or concrete block. If ignores issues of culture, climate, technology, building material, all these about the function, and just as important on the style and preferences of the architect. All famous buildings should in a jumbled situation or one day you might live in an aesthetically house which made by paper. That signification that functions is driving the form. Of course, architecture has always looked for the way to transcend its own history. Contemporary architecture its not the exception but it has lost one of its basic principles for good as National Stadium, Beijing, which while innovative in concept, is famously poor for its function. In the other words, the innovative concept that designer express to cover up functionality of the stadium should have. Beijing National Stadium as known as the Birds Nest, which was designed by Swiss architecture firm Herzog HYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_MeuronHYPERLINK http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzog__de_Meuron de Meuron . The stadium was designed for use throughout the 2008 Summer Olympics and Paralympics. The concept of the stadium is based on three notions which are technology, energy conservation, and cultural conversation. It all looks perfectly in line with the concept of nowadays building design but it lost its original aims when the designer has decided to priority of sculptural form giving over the stadium needs of function. Birds Nest design emphasis novelty and technology, so they are used a lot of new technology and materials. Hence, they used Q460 steel to construct the stadium. It seems a great design but it is fail. From the figure 4, we find the sporting of glory on the stadium. It has an amazing night view. Surprisingly, the first figure and the second is a mightily contrast. During the day time, the audiences can not watch the match because there is shadow on all sites! Fig. 4: The night view of Beijing National Stadium, China. Fig. 5: The audiences can not focus on the show because the shadow of the stadium is being in a disordered condition during the day time. Therefore, they installed double translucent membrane at the top of the structure to solve the problem. The membranes got 30 percent of light permission only. As the same time, it is showed the interior of stadium would be not enough light despite they are used solar power generation system. In the case of energy conservation, the designer did not much to think over the climate of Beijing. There are four seasons but the solar power generation system is not work at the season or time that without sunlight, they still need to use electricity to maintain the brightness of the stadium. It does not carry energy conservation and environment friendly points. According to the Chinas Xin Hua News Agency reported, the person in charge of the stadium indicated that the complex structure of the stadium caused maintenance cost up to 6,000 million dollars (RMB) per year. It is difficult to obtain a profit after Olympic ceremony. And this important project for the Olympics had been invested seven billion dollars, just because of alleged new technology. That is not in line with cost effective. On the other hand, the designer had not considered in the design of the stadium clearly in the construction stage, suddenly proposed the Birds Nest roof problems. According to the assistant of Mayor said that the Birds Nest is a steel structure, it is extremely difficult to construct. The original design has a roof but the load of the roof close to the limit. It is very dangerous for safety issues. So, the expert advised to cancel the original roof. In the new design, the roof of the stadium was covering also but can not completely cover up whole stadium. That means it would be leaking. In addition, the stadiums design did not show the Chinese spirit. This is a good opportunity for Chinese, to let foreigners to understand their country culture. But they did not; it is a very regrettable thing. All these problems mentioned before, it is sufficient evidence to proves the designer do not consider functionality, he just keen on his novelty and newness he wanted to neglect the important of the functional. So, if function follows form might occur when functionality is ignored. This also prove that function always precede form. Chapter 4 4.0 Forms in the future look like People are beginning to realize importance of environmental protection, starting to follow the footstep of green. So, the global future will be green architectures trend. An ecological lifestyle involves conscious rising about the relationship between consumption today and the conditions for future generation. Ecological development requires a balance between mankinds conception, the environment and the available recourses. Urban ecologist and author of Surviving the Century Facing Climate Chaos and other Global Challenges, Herbert Girardet quotes that: Green buildings are making giant strides now because of public debate and new technology. Everyone may want to live a modern lifestyle but we know we cannot continue wrecking the planet. We need to build houses that dont need an outside energy supply. Hence, ecology thinking must be natural reflex for the architect of the future. And this was a response to the changing climate which demanded new buildings of increasing cut energy consumption and solid waste problems. The architect works on the basis of a new order where the building as a whole meets the requirements and challenges of an ecological future measures and ‘novelty materials in an aesthetic and social program. And that is what thesis had mentioned before- form follows function. In despite of future or the past, we all can not escape from the rule. 4.1 Form follows green Green design, as know as ecological design, uses design to include economic, social and ecological sustainability. Besides green building is also environment conscious design solutions where a sustainable form and function. Basically, green buildings concept is based on functional also. Mostly people concentrated on construct and appearance of the green building, neglecting material is also an important part in a building. It reminds people about recycling to save the environment. Green design is sustainable design as it is sustained by materials that can be recycled. The concept of sustainable building unifies multifarious of strategies during the process of building projects. The use of green building materials and products are very widely, which represents an important part in strategy at the design of a building. On the contrary, aesthetic has become the secondary. It is designed for reduce the solid waste problems, cut energy consumption in manufacturing, impact of the built environment on human health and save on natural resource use. 4.2 Historic building blends with recycle materials Most of the historic or old buildings emphasize exuberant and extravagant decoration especially European architecture which emerged from Neoclassical. Decorative style design more tends to decoration and aesthetic, neglect a building need and caused wasted spaces. But old building does not mean it is unprofitable. By reason of older building can be refurbish and renovate so that they can continue to function as urban elements to achieve the goals of green building. Besides making good use of old building can make environment sense, using and enhancing what already have. Green building is not just saving energy or else. It is also using product made from recycle material when renovating or constructing a new building. Just as Malaysia has a lot of heritage buildings also, but heritage buildings conservation is not entirely commercially viable! It requires on the contrary a skillfully management and maintenance fee. So, why not get them into green elements while retaining their historic character? Green renovations included reduce energy consumption and durability of older and heritage buildings. Respectful renovation in order to reduce the operating energy of a building, making building renovation one of the most direct climate actions to express environment protection. This chapter will look at strategies for renovation while remaining their culture and heritage character in order to archive forms and function to be one. Renovation is a brilliant thing especially the architect for the renovation of an old building is taken into all the important views that are peculiarly for the renovation of an old building. Nevertheless there is something different. Just as historic city, George Town being listed as Cultural WorldHYPERLINK http://whc.unesco.org/ Heritage Sites as know as UNESCO. Of course, most of buildings in George Town have to renovation, just as High Court Pulau Pinang (see Fig.6 7). Although the governments are trying to remained all the forms as similitude as possible, it still have different. By the reason of all the renovate materials are new. They are lack of the use of recycle materials to retrofits. Most of the people like to use something new but they forget the old things even more value than new. These valuable materials are not easily copied by the new materials. Especially some of materials or decoration has no longer reproduction, and recycle material can be any help. Fig. 6: High Court before renovation in George Town, Fig. 7: High Court after renovation in George Town. Besides that, the one more important thing that we have to admit is restoration an old building with recycle materials for all of us are still pretty new and it is not accepted by the most. People still full of worries about it. According to the survey, a significant number of people can accept renovation but they generally felt that the maintenance costs of old buildings will be very expensive. As a matter of fact, they are lack of knowledge and understanding of recycle and renovate. Although some of the green materials cost higher than old building, there are still many more green materials cost still less than the standard. These green materials have better designs for a new generation of environmentally friendly products that are cost saving to produce. Many more of innovations today are coming from green manufacturers. Furthermore, recycle building materials lies in diminishing the need for industry to make a new product. All of the energy that is spent in manufacturing and tran sporting something can be saved. The main reason to use recycle building materials are some of the old building materials still preserved their character elements, these can be restore the cultural meanings. It can be preserve their identity while enhance functionality. On the other hand, materials usage is marry up with structure of the building. And it is have a great relationship with ergonomics. That means materials are one of the function as well! It is what the thesis mention before that forms and functions can be one. Chapter 5 5.0 Conclusion Whatever, we cant escape from tradition. To achieve the best of both worlds are very difficult. The debate about form and function is a vexed question. Some debate that form follows function, others, like architect Frank Lloyd Wright believed that form and function are one. However, in contemporary society there is sufficient evidence that function follows form, for without an understanding of form. Even so, there are some cases when form and function are one in order to get a balance. That is what we are inclined to – green architectures. According to the result of survey, a proportion of people care about environment friendly but a significant number of peoples houses are not ecological sustainable house. Even so they are paid the fee for the home design, they would not design home as sustainable house. Not because of excluded, just because they are generally thought that cost of the house design they cant afford and worry about the maintenance of the house. From other point of view, more than half the numbers of people are dissatisfied towards their house designs. That means Malaysias architectures do not meet peoples expectation in its design criterion. It just only designs! All the things consider that ecological design is accepted by Malaysian but they do not know much in it. By the reason of around 54% of the people prefer practicality rather than appearance. That imply form follows function is workable but it is a pity to say that sometimes forms were controlled by cost, natural selection, and culture. Closer look at the notion of function and the dogma form follows function, expressed why this impression proved to be so important. By the reason of the functionalist notion of function serves as guide to design the form. It guides the designer to narrow down the options and provide a starting point. The form now has a purpose or duty, if you will, of projecting the function that lies within. Just as a project has a problem to be solved rather than just making it look pretty is the great challenge. Function needs form in order to get a balance, it work as hand in hand. So, if an object has to present a perfect function, its design must be support that function. And continue to repeat again and again ‘Form follows function. ‘Form follows function.

My dream and where it would take me Essay

* Brain Storming: – My Dream is a boat I am terribly fond of – Write it in the past tense to give the impression of a memory – Describe My Dream using personification: red birch, comparison to older lady, adventurous, eager to carve through the water – Grandfather was very skilled in this domain, he had a gift – Passed on passion for canoeing and I feel certain passion for the sport when he gives me My Dream – Setting: Prince Edward Island, grandmother’s house, no specific time although indications may show it is set in modern times. – Reasons: keeping Nana company because grandfather passed away and I enjoy her company – Grandmother is becoming more aged, her wrinkles are deeper, an invisible creature steels her energy and she is forced to stay in bed for long periods of time. She reads to me and as a result I enjoy her company. – – give background information on ancestors who were Native Americans and so it was necessary that they be able to manipulate a canoe quickly and quietly (surprise attacks) – Storm arises, wind is fierce and swells are great. I am very alone and although before I appreciate the solitude, now I am terrified – I feel blind, entirely helpless, requires use of new sense: touch and hearing – Fog lets up and I am able to sight a protected inlet on shore – I avoid the rocks and pull My Dream on to shore – I reach land and leave it up to the reader to imagine how I get home, not vital to the topic/plot development – I reach home, Nana is not worried, she knew all along that My Dream would bring me safely home * Plan: – Introduction: – Begin with a walk along the beach while describing some aspects such as sun, sand, wind, ocean etc†¦. – Then, I notice My Dream, impatiently waiting for me to let it spread its wings. – Expose to the reader my feelings towards canoeing: sense of freedom, isolation from corruption of world, feel the presence of my grandfather. – First Paragraph: – Mention setting, grandmother (Nana’s house) – I am keeping her company for the summer because she lives alone on Prince Edward Island. – Nana is an intellectual, she reads to me, I develop passion for reading. – Second Paragraph: – With some technical difficulty, I manage to slide My Dream into the water – Describe my grandfather’s gift for canoeing – When I was younger we spent long afternoons, in the shade of willow trees, with cottages passing us by – I would observe him, and he would observe nature (dolphins, eagles, rays, and turtles†¦) – We would always come back with an adventure to recount to Nana/parents – Third Paragraph: – Portray actual moment when passion began to surface – Namely, fifteenth birthday, when finally I obtain the canoe I always wanted to be solely mine, My Dream – Fourth Paragraph: – Discuss in three or four lines the purpose of Native Americans during their attacks by canoe: surprise – This required perfect skills that made no sound, a tradition that was continued in my family – I begin to paddle, first stroke provokes happy/joyful sentiments – No particular direction, wherever the wind chooses to take me, one should never contradict the wind, it is dangerous – One must canoe at a safe distance form shore – Family of porpoises approach (brings the reader back to theme of calm, beautiful sea, before setting up for storm â€Å"the calm before the storm†) – Fifth Paragraph: – Storm erupts, terrible wind and downpour, I don’t have any extra clothes, pull hood over head for protection. – I feel alone, vulnerable – Fear of My Dream capsizing – Sixth paragraph: – I attempt to imagine how my grandfather might feel – Put my faith in my boat and in myself, giving up was not in my nature. – Seventh paragraph: – I thought about my Nana and how worried she would be when she awoke – Perhaps she would feel just as alone/scared as I was – Eighth paragraph: – It was hard to paddle against the strong current, all my work would constantly be undone by the enormous waves – Mist lifts a little, I amble to distinguish a protected inlet on the shore line (no rocks) – Steer towards it – Conclusion: – the focus shifts to Nana’s house as I am entering – She knew that I would come home, only slightly concerned for she understood that I was similar to grandfather and My Dream would bring me home. My Dream The sand, greeted by the rays of the sun, was warm and dry under my bare feet. Drowsily, I sauntered along to the edge of the water. The wind played with my hair and the salty mist of the ocean kissed me gently on the cheek. I was suddenly aware of My Dream. She had lay there all night and seemed restless for the waves teased her as they hit her bow. How I loved to look upon her. My Dream was composed of red birch, a strong, durable, closed-grained wood with a very even, smooth texture. She had the grace of an elderly lady, yet vibrant with life and eager for adventure and company. Her inviting nature made it impossible to resist the temptation to slide inside and paddle away. However, I could not stray too far from my dear Nana. She lived isolated from society on the north shore of Prince Edward Island and I had come from Toronto to offer her my camaraderie for the summer. Since the last time I had visited, I had noticed she had withered and grown grey. She had a fine sense of humour and so I enjoyed my time with her immensely. I adored the evenings where she would open a classical novel and read to me. This ritual had begun before I was able to read and as a result, I had developed a passion for literature. Oliver Twist, Tom Sawyer, David Copperfield, Bilbo and Frodo Baggins became my childhood friends. Then, her time spent awake grew precious. Her cot had asked for her company incessantly and she never refused such demands. Presently, Nana was resting and so would not miss me, but I would have to return shortly. With no little effort My Dream glided smoothly into the sea. She has been in our family for many generations, yet then she was entirely devoted to me. My grandfather had patiently instructed me in canoeing. He had a passion for it. To most people the ability to manipulate a canoe is a skill. This is too delicate a word to describe the way in which my grandfather paddled. He had a gift. When he sat in our canoe, it was as if man and canoe became one. I can recall the many afternoons of solitude and tranquillity as we travelled along in My Dream. I had the honorary position in front of but facing my grandfather. I would study how calmly and skilfully he manoeuvred the canoe in all sorts of seas, and he would study nature. Although he referred to them as mischievous beasts, he loved the hawk that soared defiantly at high altitudes with its magnificent wings spread wide. His eyes would light up at the spotting of a group of Steller sea lions. They would flaunt their nautical capacities and then would vanish into the ocean trailing their hind feet or flippers behind them. We would invariably return home to Nana and to my parents with an adventure or a sighting to recount. My grandfather had passed his passion for canoeing to me. I am most content when I am nestled in my canoe, gliding through water. Yet, I am not able to precisely pinpoint when this ardour had begun to surface. Surely, it was when my grandfather presented me with My Dream on my fifteenth birthday. He had sanded and polished her and her name had been repainted in gold letters. Rays of sunlight caused her to take on a youthful appearance. My ancestors were Native Indian and in order to triumph in times of war, they planned surprise attacks arriving by canoe. Their rhythmic strokes were at one with the water as they urged the young warriors onward towards their quest. One could only have heard their breathing. Our family has continued to practice such faultless paddling. I placed one of the long, aged paddles, which had been My Dream’s comrade since her beginning, across the gunnels. I slid into the boat with ease. I did not have a chosen course, I would follow the wind. Many people endeavour to challenge the wind, but its dominating character will not tolerate such provocative behaviour. My first stroke was strong, steady and instantly I was euphoric. There was a certain distance one could travel from shore after which the swells were too large for My Dream to navigate safely. After I had reached this distance, I stopped paddling and lay in the abdomen of my guardian. I knew that the oceanic waves would quickly cause My Dream to drift into shore. A family of porpoises playfully approached. I had seen them only just last week. They had grown and soon they would venture off to satisfy their curiosity with the wonders of the ocean, whose manner, they would soon discover, was unruly. Something wet brushed against my cheek. I paid no heed, until yet another splash landed on my forehead. I sat up quickly. A dark, ominous cloud had cast a shadow on My Dream. It had begun to rain and there was no visible land in sight. The waves whipped against the side of the canoe and the spray of the salt water stung my eyes. A fog enveloped My Dream and with a shock, I realized I had forgotten my compass. The wind changed direction numerous times. I was forced to adjust the direction of the canoe to avoid being capsized by the strong wind and high waves. I was entirely dependant on my sense of hearing and touch. I imagined this was similar to being blind. I had always loved to canoe because it offered isolation from the pressures of life. Now, alone, I was terrified. The ocean was quick to anger when a storm came to torment it. I pulled my hood over my head and hoped that this would keep my head dry. I could hear the downpour on the water and on My Dream. The sound was terribly loud and consequently I couldn’t think of anything else. I tried to consider how my grandfather would have reacted if he were here. He had been an excellent judge of weather, and probably would not have gone out at all on that day. My canoe lost all dignity as she was tossed about recklessly. â€Å"We are here together, and I will never abandon you,† I shouted to My Dream, who was showing every indication of being just as nervous and agitated as I was. â€Å"I trust you,† I whispered because I understood that the only way I was going to survive was if I had faith in My Dream and in myself. Suddenly, I had a vision of my Nana, sitting in her rocking chair, balancing back and forth gazing searchingly out of the window of the front parlour. Her face was melancholy and a tear paused a moment before streaming down her cheek. I supposed that she had felt lost and alone, just as I had in that storm. However, her cause was worthier for she had been frightened for me and selfishly, I had been frightened for myself. The current was strong, and trying to paddle against it was laborious and strenuous work. Each time I advanced by a few feet, an enormous wave would undo all my progression. I wanted to cry but I did not have the energy and no one would have heard over the tumult of the storm. My spirits had fallen, I was wet, cold and thirsty. I looked down and a flash of lightening revealed my callous hands. I had hardly noticed that the heavy mist had slightly lifted, and although the torrent continued, the thunder had ceased. The shoreline was hazy, but I could make out a protected inlet. It was not safe to approach the shore anywhere else because it was rocky and would certainly destroy My Dream. I navigated towards it. The waves, having had their fun, let me pass with little trouble. Before My Dream collided with land, I jumped out and pulled her safely on to the sand. â€Å"Is that you?† my grandmother asked as I gently closed the door behind me. I had expected her voice to be shaken and high pitched, as it had been when my grandfather had moved to Heaven. However, her voice was calm. I wondered why she was not concerned. Afterward, she explained that I was comparable with my grandfather in many respects. She had known that I would carve my way through the rough waters and that My Dream would deliver me unharmed to land. â€Å"Yes, it is I Nana.† I answered.